GROUP STUDENT TITLE CHAPTER
1 Alfonso,Argelio Beginnings of Modern Terrorism Chapter 6
1 Arocha,Tiffany Beginnings of Modern Terrorism Chapter 6
1 Belizaire,Berline Beginnings of Modern Terrorism Chapter 6
1 Blanc,Carole Beginnings of Modern Terrorism Chapter 6
1 Bullock,Rochelle Beginnings of Modern Terrorism Chapter 6
2 Carter,Rebecc Irish Trouble Chapter 7
2 Church-Rhodes,Anna Irish Trouble Chapter 7
2 Collazo,Ana,Patricia Irish Trouble Chapter 7
2 Curbelo,Irene,C Irish Trouble Chapter 7
2 De Armas,Marvin Irish Trouble Chapter 7
3 Del Castillo,Carlo, Latin American Influences Chapter 8
3 Dorelien,Bastia Latin American Influences Chapter 8
3 Dulcio,Rose,Bertha Latin American Influences Chapter 8
3 Fernandez,Michael Latin American Influences Chapter 8
3 Fleites,Fernando Latin American Influences Chapter 8
4 Forbes,Helena Middle East Chapter 9
4 Haeckel,Timur Middle East Chapter 9
4 Hernandez,Idalia Middle East Chapter 9
4 Lacroix,Jennifer Middle East Chapter 9
4 Leon,Jesus Middle East Chapter 9
5 Love,Arlene Israel & Palestine Chapter 10
5 Martinez,Jennifer Israel & Palestine Chapter 10
5 Michel,Rubenson Israel & Palestine Chapter 10
5 Olivo,Jesmar Israel & Palestine Chapter 10
5 Rodriguez,Alexander Israel & Palestine Chapter 10
6 Rodriguez,Mildred Intl Umbrella Groups & Terror Networks Chapter 11
6 Roso,Yasnay Intl Umbrella Groups & Terror Networks Chapter 11
6 Salas,Juan,Jose Intl Umbrella Groups & Terror Networks Chapter 11
6 Sanchez,Jesica Intl Umbrella Groups & Terror Networks Chapter 11
6 Sanon,Augustine Intl Umbrella Groups & Terror Networks Chapter 11
7 Scarlett,Henri Africa, Asia & Pacific Rim Chapter 12
7 Seraphin,Barry Africa, Asia & Pacific Rim Chapter 12
7 Simmons,Tamika Africa, Asia & Pacific Rim Chapter 12
7 Smith,Tresa Africa, Asia & Pacific Rim Chapter 12
7 Tookes,Rochelle Africa, Asia & Pacific Rim Chapter 12
8 Torrens,Neil Europe, Turkey & Russia Chapter 13
8 Valdez,Santiago Europe, Turkey & Russia Chapter 13
8 Vazquez,Priscilla Europe, Turkey & Russia Chapter 13
8 Williams,Darnell Europe, Turkey & Russia Chapter 13
8 Woods,Soincerae Europe, Turkey & Russia Chapter 13
alternate Zamora,Roberto,M (TBA)
TASK ASSIGNMENT
1. Elect a Team Leader will be responsible to:
a) delegate/ coordinate responsibilities
b) post team attendance on the blog Saturday June 12th
c) post Self Check answers on the blog Saturday June 12th
2. Each team must answer ALL “Self Check” questions in the chapter. Be sure to divide these self check questions among team members. The answers to these questions will be researched and answered by the INDIVIDUAL member assigned to that specific “self check” question and posted by the team leader on the blog on Saturday June 12th by NOON.
3. Each individual on the team assigned to their general topic and chapter will be responsible to EMAIL the answers to all 3 writing assignments. While team members are encouraged to work together on the writing assignments, each individual is responsible for their own individual responses (in their own words) and will be required to submit their individual responses electronically (via GTelesco@mdc.edu NO LATER THAN SUNDAY June 13th 4PM).
4. All students must have all work submitted (both FEMA courses, FBI Terrorism web site Executive Summary, group chapter writing assignments) by Sunday June 13th 4pm. All certificates from FEMA can be secured by the student and DO NOT NEED TO BE TURNED IN, however email verifications from FEMA advising student that they passed the courses must be submitted electronically (via GTelesco@mdc.edu no later than Sunday June 13th at 4pm).
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71 comments:
Good morning Dr. Telesco.
Just making sure I will successfully post our group work on weekend #3.
Helena Forbes
Morning Dr. Telesco.
Im also making sure I will successfully post our group work on weekend #3.
argelio alfonso
Good afternoon, making sure I can post successfully. Weekend class group #5
Making Sure that I can post.
Making Sure that I can post.
I'm finally in...Hellow Fellow classmates.
I apologize Professor and fellow classmates, about the nickname (Peaches) but this is an old account. This is Lisa Brunner AKA Peaches.
Weekend class group #4 making sure I can post.
Dr. Telesco
Testing to be ready for tomorrow.
Yasnay Roso
Group 6
Testing!!!!!!
good morning
Helena Forbes
Timur Haeckel
Idalia Hernandez
Jennifer Lacroix
Jesus Leon
DSC4012
Professor Telesco
06/12/2010
Middle East – Chapter 9
JENNIFER LACROIX – Page 192
1. Why is it necessary to understand orthodox Islam?
It is necessary to understand Orthodox Islam because many aspects of the Middle East and subsequently International Terrorism are ensconced in rhetorical religious sloganeering and in order to have some understanding one have to become familiar with the basic aspects of Islam.
2. What is the difference between Sunnis & Shiites?
The difference between Sunnis and Shiites are very few. The mainstream Muslims following the caliph were conventionally called Sunnis and the followers of Ali became known as Shiites and several differing types have developed in Islam. The main difference focused on the line of succession from Mohammed. Over the years differences have emerged due to the belief that the twelfth Iman went to hiding in 934. Another group of Shiites believe that the twelfth Iman died and other groups believe that God hid him, but regardless of these believes the split between Sunnis and Shiites still remains today.
HELENA FORBES – Page 192
3. Explain the theory of the rise and fall of Agrarian empires.
Before the Industrial Revolution, the greater part of the world was occupied by small-scale, agrarian societies. The invention of the wheel, the plow, the writing, numerical notation, and the invention of the calendar transformed the conditions of life for societies throughout the world and in the Middle East. Societies that adopted the plow, for instance, produced more food than those that used the hoe and digging stick became wealthier and their population increased. During the time in which advanced agrarian societies were dominant, there were a number of important religious developments, the most important being the development and spread of 3 new religions: Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam, each proclaiming a universal faith.
The theory of the rise and fall of Agrarian Empires analyses the connection between religion and the prosperity and collapse of communities, which believed to be under God’s protection. When experiencing bad times, people concluded that God had abandoned them and they were no longer the chosen ones. At that time, Prophets tried to gather the faithful under the remembrance of the Golden Age and a “theologically driven political reform movement” took place. Such movements happened many times in the history of Islam, during the invasion of Mongol and Crusader armies in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and the collapse of the Ottoman caliphate in 1924.
Page 196
1. Explain the relationship among the philosophies of Taymiyya, Wahhab, and Qutb.
Taymiyyah, an Islamic scholar, could not understand how hundreds of thousands of Muslims could have been killed by Western Crusaders and decided to find the answer in his faith. He believed that Muslins had moved away from Islam and needed to redeem themselves. According to Taymiyyah, any belief that went beyond Mohammed’s revelation was to be subjected to a purifying effort or jihad.
Abdul Wahhab, a religious reformer, was against Sufis, Shiites, and Muslims who made pilgrimages or invoked the names of saints. Influenced by Taymiyyah, he started a purification movement to free Islam from practices and superstition added after Mohammed’s death.
Sayyid Qutb, and Egyptian teacher and journalist, was an exchange professor in Greeley, Colorado and became a member of the Muslim Brotherhood after returning to Egypt. This organization’s goal is to unify the Muslim nation through education and religion reform. He believed that the Islamic world had gone through darkness after Mohammed’s death, caused by corrupt government. He was looking for the revival of pure Islamic states. He believed that Taymiyyah and Wahhab would keep the Islamic faith alive.
All three philosophies stressed the need to save Islam by returning to Mohammed’s teachings and beliefs.
Helena Forbes
Timur Haeckel
Idalia Hernandez
Jennifer Lacroix
Jesus Leon
DSC4012
Professor Telesco
06/12/2010
Middle East – Chapter 9
JENNIFER LACROIX – Page 192
1. Why is it necessary to understand orthodox Islam?
It is necessary to understand Orthodox Islam because many aspects of the Middle East and subsequently International Terrorism are ensconced in rhetorical religious sloganeering and in order to have some understanding one have to become familiar with the basic aspects of Islam.
2. What is the difference between Sunnis & Shiites?
The difference between Sunnis and Shiites are very few. The mainstream Muslims following the caliph were conventionally called Sunnis and the followers of Ali became known as Shiites and several differing types have developed in Islam. The main difference focused on the line of succession from Mohammed. Over the years differences have emerged due to the belief that the twelfth Iman went to hiding in 934. Another group of Shiites believe that the twelfth Iman died and other groups believe that God hid him, but regardless of these believes the split between Sunnis and Shiites still remains today.
HELENA FORBES – Page 192
3. Explain the theory of the rise and fall of Agrarian empires.
Before the Industrial Revolution, the greater part of the world was occupied by small-scale, agrarian societies. The invention of the wheel, the plow, the writing, numerical notation, and the invention of the calendar transformed the conditions of life for societies throughout the world and in the Middle East. Societies that adopted the plow, for instance, produced more food than those that used the hoe and digging stick became wealthier and their population increased. During the time in which advanced agrarian societies were dominant, there were a number of important religious developments, the most important being the development and spread of 3 new religions: Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam, each proclaiming a universal faith.
The theory of the rise and fall of Agrarian Empires analyses the connection between religion and the prosperity and collapse of communities, which believed to be under God’s protection. When experiencing bad times, people concluded that God had abandoned them and they were no longer the chosen ones. At that time, Prophets tried to gather the faithful under the remembrance of the Golden Age and a “theologically driven political reform movement” took place. Such movements happened many times in the history of Islam, during the invasion of Mongol and Crusader armies in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and the collapse of the Ottoman caliphate in 1924.
Page 196
1. Explain the relationship among the philosophies of Taymiyya, Wahhab, and Qutb.
Taymiyyah, an Islamic scholar, could not understand how hundreds of thousands of Muslims could have been killed by Western Crusaders and decided to find the answer in his faith. He believed that Muslins had moved away from Islam and needed to redeem themselves. According to Taymiyyah, any belief that went beyond Mohammed’s revelation was to be subjected to a purifying effort or jihad.
Abdul Wahhab, a religious reformer, was against Sufis, Shiites, and Muslims who made pilgrimages or invoked the names of saints. Influenced by Taymiyyah, he started a purification movement to free Islam from practices and superstition added after Mohammed’s death.
Sayyid Qutb, and Egyptian teacher and journalist, was an exchange professor in Greeley, Colorado and became a member of the Muslim Brotherhood after returning to Egypt. This organization’s goal is to unify the Muslim nation through education and religion reform. He believed that the Islamic world had gone through darkness after Mohammed’s death, caused by corrupt government. He was looking for the revival of pure Islamic states. He believed that Taymiyyah and Wahhab would keep the Islamic faith alive.
All three philosophies stressed the need to save Islam by returning to Mohammed’s teachings and beliefs.
Testing
testing
Testing
Helena Forbes
Timur Haeckel
Idalia Hernandez
Jennifer Lacroix
Jesus Leon
DSC4012
Professor Telesco
06/12/2010
Middle East – Chapter 9
JENNIFER LACROIX – Page 192
1. Why is it necessary to understand orthodox Islam?
It is necessary to understand Orthodox Islam because many aspects of the Middle East and subsequently International Terrorism are ensconced in rhetorical religious sloganeering and in order to have some understanding one have to become familiar with the basic aspects of Islam.
2. What is the difference between Sunnis & Shiites?
The difference between Sunnis and Shiites are very few. The mainstream Muslims following the caliph were conventionally called Sunnis and the followers of Ali became known as Shiites and several differing types have developed in Islam. The main difference focused on the line of succession from Mohammed. Over the years differences have emerged due to the belief that the twelfth Iman went to hiding in 934. Another group of Shiites believe that the twelfth Iman died and other groups believe that God hid him, but regardless of these believes the split between Sunnis and Shiites still remains today.
HELENA FORBES – Page 192
3. Explain the theory of the rise and fall of Agrarian empires.
Before the Industrial Revolution, the greater part of the world was occupied by small-scale, agrarian societies. The invention of the wheel, the plow, the writing, numerical notation, and the invention of the calendar transformed the conditions of life for societies throughout the world and in the Middle East. Societies that adopted the plow, for instance, produced more food than those that used the hoe and digging stick became wealthier and their population increased. During the time in which advanced agrarian societies were dominant, there were a number of important religious developments, the most important being the development and spread of 3 new religions: Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam, each proclaiming a universal faith.
The theory of the rise and fall of Agrarian Empires analyses the connection between religion and the prosperity and collapse of communities, which believed to be under God’s protection. When experiencing bad times, people concluded that God had abandoned them and they were no longer the chosen ones. At that time, Prophets tried to gather the faithful under the remembrance of the Golden Age and a “theologically driven political reform movement” took place. Such movements happened many times in the history of Islam, during the invasion of Mongol and Crusader armies in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and the collapse of the Ottoman caliphate in 1924.
Page 196
1. Explain the relationship among the philosophies of Taymiyya, Wahhab, and Qutb.
Taymiyyah, an Islamic scholar, could not understand how hundreds of thousands of Muslims could have been killed by Western Crusaders and decided to find the answer in his faith. He believed that Muslins had moved away from Islam and needed to redeem themselves. According to Taymiyyah, any belief that went beyond Mohammed’s revelation was to be subjected to a purifying effort or jihad.
Abdul Wahhab, a religious reformer, was against Sufis, Shiites, and Muslims who made pilgrimages or invoked the names of saints. Influenced by Taymiyyah, he started a purification movement to free Islam from practices and superstition added after Mohammed’s death.
Sayyid Qutb, and Egyptian teacher and journalist, was an exchange professor in Greeley, Colorado and became a member of the Muslim Brotherhood after returning to Egypt. This organization’s goal is to unify the Muslim nation through education and religion reform. He believed that the Islamic world had gone through darkness after Mohammed’s death, caused by corrupt government. He was looking for the revival of pure Islamic states. He believed that Taymiyyah and Wahhab would keep the Islamic faith alive.
All three philosophies stressed the need to save Islam by returning to Mohammed’s teachings and beliefs.
Good morning Professor T and class,
online we have:
Berline Belizaire
Rochelle Bullock
Carole Blanc
Argelio Alfonso
Elizabeth Lao
Tiffany Arocha
Team 1 chapter 6
Tiffany Arocha
2. Describe the two revolutions under Nicholas II.
The first revolution under Nicholas II was in 1905 after the Russian army lost the war to Japan. This consumed Russia with economic problems which led to discontent with Russia’s social system. Some enlisted men in the Russian Navy rebelled against authority and their actions were brutally repressed, feeding the spirit of the revolution. This is what essentially caused the revolution of 1905.
The second revolution under Nicholas II was in 1917. Russia had entered World War I in 1914 and by 1917 Russians wanted out of the war. They were tired of the economic woes and went on a general strike. The Russian Army joined the workers and a new Russian government was formed.
3. How did Lenin and Trotsky influence the direction of revolutionary thought?
Lenin and Trotsky influenced the direction of revolutionary thought through power and instilling fear. They believed Terrorism should be used as an instrument for overthrowing the middle-class and governments. Once they achieved the power they were looking for they advocated terrorism by a means of controlling. Lenin and Trotsky placed fear of communist revolution in the minds of many people and even though communist terrorism was not part of an orchestrated conspiracy, it did influence behavior. Lenin and Trotsky have inspired terrorists from 1917 to present with their ideas, tactics, and ideologies. This influence was real and still remains today.
Helena Forbes
Timur Haeckel
Idalia Hernandez
Jennifer Lacroix
Jesus Leon
DSC4012
Professor Telesco
06/12/2010
Middle East – Chapter 9
TIMUR HAECKEL – Page 196
2. Does Qutb’s theology represent orthodox Islam?
Going with what book suggests, Sayyid Qutb lacked theological training, therefore, he militarized the ideas of Ibn Taymiyya and Abdul Wahhab with the twist for twenties century. Dichotomy of views starts with apologists who defend these men as peaceful thinkers seeking a pure Islam, and continuous with critics who maintain that their theological writings gave rise to militancy. I find it is very hard to believe that actions or thoughts of one man can be bear a representation of an entire religion or nation.
3. How might Wahhab’s and Qutb’s ideas reflect the theory of Agrarian empires suggested in the previous section?
Karen Armstrong recognized the patter that goes as follows: As agrarian empires expand, winning victories in the name of their deity, all is going well. The chosen people prosper under the protection of a divine force. At some point, however, the empire eventually suffers a strategic military reverse. Because the empire grew under the favor of deity, the only logical conclusion is that the deity is no longer with the people. Inevitably, prophets call the people back to religious purity, to the golden age of the faith.
team 1 chapter 6
Rochelle Bullock
1.) How did revolutionary thought develop in czarist Russia?
The Russian Revolution was the most important revolution of the 20th century, and was one of the most important revolutions in the history of the world. I would place it as the third most important revolution after the American and French Revolutions. Like the American Revolution, and most other revolutions, the Russian Revolution was a revolution against economic oppression. In addition to this, the Russian Revolution started out as a revolution for democracy. Basically Russia came into the 20th century as an extremely oppressed country that was ruled by the Czars. Russia was a feudal dictatorship. The people of Russia were horribly oppressed, poor, starving, cold, and without any real direction or hope. Essentially, Russia had never undergone the liberal revolutions that took place in Europe (starting with the French Revolution), which had established liberal democracy and capitalism there. Russia remained as one of the last vestiges of Medieval European society.
2. How did the meaning of terrorism change from the French Revolution to the Napoleonic Wars? For three years, between 1792 and 1795, a committee was established to rule the country headed by Georges-Jacques Denton, Jean-Paul Marat, and Maximilien Robespierre. They ruled in what became known as the Reign of Terror, sending thousands of Royalists to the guillotine including Marie Antoinette and other Royalists, dissidents of the Revolution, and even moderate thinkers who sought to mediate the excesses of the revolutionary movement. The Revolution succeeded in overturning generations of autocratic monarchic rule but became a symbol of excessive force and revolt without sufficient stabilizing elements to fundamentally change conditions for the French people. In 1799 a young General named Napoleon Bonaparte helped overthrow the government, called the Directory, and by 1804 had risen to such power that he established himself as “Napoleon I, Emperor of the French.”
IDALIA HERNANDEZ – Page 206
1. Is Israel the manifestation of the biblical Kingdom of David or a modern political movement?
Jewish political movement refers to the organized efforts of Jews to build their own political parties or otherwise represent their interest in politics outside of the Jewish community. From the time of the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans to the foundation of Israel the Jewish people had no territory and until 1800 they were denied equal rights in the countries they lived.
Therefore until 19th century effort for the emancipation of the Jews were internal and dealt primarily with either religion issues or issues of a particular Jewish community. Three events were significant for this to happen: the persecution of the Jews in Eastern Europe, the founding of the Zionist movement and its desire for a Jewish state, and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.
The immigration of Jews into Palestine played into the political issues of World War I. The British promised the Zionists a homeland in Palestine for the Jews. The Balfour Declaration (a policy statement signed by the British) promised to create the state of Israel, but there was a contradiction in this promise. The British promised in Cairo to reestablish an Arab-dominated caliphate with include three most important cities in Sunni Islam: Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem. The Balfour Declaration threatened to transfer Jerusalem to the new state of Israel.
Consequently the modern state of Israel is not the biblical Kingdom of David, it is a qualified power dominated by people of European fall.
2. How did misunderstandings between Arabs & Jews develop?
The Arab-Israeli conflict persisted as Arab countries refused to accept the existence of Israel. They will continue to threaten with a war of destruction. Middle Eastern terrorism had increased since the existence of Israel. Arabs find offensive the creation of a non-Arab state in their lands. They fell into two groups: one that does not recognize any peace with Israel and the other one that is concerned with the destiny of the Palestinians.
Many believers in Islam see the rise of Israel as a threat. The use of Islamic religion to persuade suicide bombers with the promise of heavenly life shows the enormous breach between Islam and Jewish belief. In contrast with World War II times now the Jewish people are not just the victims but also the frontline fighters against those evil forces that threaten human civilization.
This “misunderstanding” dated for a few years now. In 1945 thousands of Jews flocked into Palestine due to the persecution from the Nazi holocaust. Arabs concern about this invasion started to arm them; nothing could stop these immigrants Jews that were demanding an independent state. In 1978 Israel did a minor invasion of Lebanon and an attack in 1982. In 1980 quarrel Middle East terrorism includes suicide bombing, militias fighting other militias, freelance terrorism, attacks in Europe against some targets: airplanes were hijacked, airports were attacked.
team 1 chapter 6
Argelio Alfonso
1) How did the enlightenment revolutions differ in France and in the United States?
Nobles and the clergy paid no taxes, but workers in the middle class, and the poor did.
The French revolution was a radical revolt. Middle and lower classes fought the upper classes for power and equality.
Great Britain and the United States signed a peace treaty and granted the U.S. local autonomy to several regions of the American colonies. The locus of power moved from London to Philadelphia, and most American leaders perceived the British style democracy without Britain. The Americans created a republic based on a representative democracy.
2) Why did the French Revolution have a major impact on terrorism?
Edmond Burk referred to the violence as the Reign of Terror, and used the word terrorism to describe the actions of the new government. Members and associates o the committee of public safety were called terrorist by French nobles, their families, and sympathizers. The French government conducted seventeen-thousand legal executions and twenty-three thousand illegal executions.
JESUS LEON – Page 206
3. Why did terrorism become a part of these misunderstandings?
Terrorism became a part of these misunderstanding because it began to be used as a lower level form of warfare and as a weapon to strike an overwhelming military power. Examples vary from The Arabs rejecting peace with Israel and falling into two camps: The radical Palestinians (which were involved in dozens of terrorist attacks) and the more moderate group. In the Melee of the 1980’s, terrorists mounted dozens of operations for supporting governments and several nations used terrorist as commandos. Airplanes were hijacked; airports were attacked; the United States responded with naval action, once accidentally shooting down an Iranian civilian airplane and killing hundreds; and Europe became a low intensity battleground. Since Saddam Hussein’s army suffered greatly from the attacks of the western coalition forces and the Persian Gulf states led by the United States, terrorism reemerged as a weapon to strike an overwhelming military power. As Iraq retreated in the Persian Gulf, terrorist began plotting new methods for striking the United States. While Saddam Hussein’s Iraq and revolutionary Iran went to war, terrorism increased as a horrible sideshow.
Page 212
1. What social & political factors separate Iran from the Arab-dominated Middle East?
The Iranians are not Arab and they are indeed uniquely Persian. They have struggled with the Arabs for centuries, which are indicative of Iran’s place in Islam. Even while the armies of the Arab and the Mongols rode through their lands the Persians maintained their historical cultural identity. Iran never adapted the habits of conquering nations. Iranians viewed America’s actions as part of a long tradition of Imperialism. There is a healthy Iranian distrust of the west. Iranians saw that countries such as the British and the Russians wanted to use them for their own personal gain. The Iranian leader saw that to gain full independence his country needed to develop an economic base that would support the country. The leader also had to modernize Iran to create the economic bases that would free his country from the west but many revolutionaries opposed of this modernization and the Iranian leader’s American infatuation. Ruhollah Khomeini was the leading figure of the Iranian revolution and was victorious in overthrowing the Iranian leadership. He believed the Iranian revolution was the first step in purifying the world. He managed to get the support of the public leading them to rise up against the once Iranian leader Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. Ruhollah Khomeini philosophy was that it was necessary to eliminate all opposition if the Islamic revolution was to succeed. The starting attack was to all things western since the west was the handmaiden of the Jews which meant launching a holy war against the west and the traitors to Islam. He also believed that Israel must be eliminated and returned to Islamic rule. Since America, a super power would win any war fought in the open. It would be subjected to a lower level form of warfare via terrorism. These are the social and political powers that separate Iran from the Arab dominated Middle East.
team 1 chapter 6
Elizabeth Lao
1. Describe the various schools of revolutionary thought in the mid-nineteenth century?
Radical Democrats demanded immediate and drastic change. Radical Democrats tried to bring democracy to all classes. They wanted to distribute the wealth among everyone equally and they believed that concentrated wealth and class inequities prevented societies from becoming truly democratic. Among Radical Democrats, where Socialists who sought wealth equality in capitalist societies. Some socialists sought governmental guarantees of living standards. Others believed that the state should control industry and divide profits among all members of society. Others believed that people would from cooperative relationships on their own with no need of a government. Communists are socialists who believed in a strong centralized economy controlled by a strong central government. Their ideas were summarized in The Communists Manifesto. Anarchists advocates of the creation of cooperative societies without centralized governments. Anarchists were seen as violent socialist revolutionaries.
2. Why did governments refer to these movements as terrorism?
These movements are referred to as acts of terrorism because they were encouraged with bombings and individual assassinations to send a message. That message basically saying that no industrialist is safe and that the capitalist order would crumble under the philosophy of the bomb. Terrorism came from violent Anarchists in the late 1800s.
Carole Blanc
Question #3 page 134.
How did these revolutionaries differ from the Enlightenment revolutionaries?
The Enlightenment revolutionaries was considered the "age of reason."
Europe and America experienced tremendous economic, political, and
social changes. During the Enlightenment revolutionaries, people
believe that government should exist to protect individual rights and
the best for government was democracy. Some violence existed during
this era.
The revolutionaries of the 1900's dealt with more violence and war. As
anarchism and labor violence grew from1880 in the United States, fear
of anarchism increased. several events such as the assassination of
President McKinley in 1901, the Russian Revolution of 1917, and the
Boston police Strike and Red Scare of 1919 alarmed many Americans.
Terrorism also begin to increased. There are more random violence and
bombing. With the current revolutionaries, the American citizens no
longer felt protected by the Government .
EXTRA CREDIT – Page 212
2. How did British imperial policy help to shape modern Iran?
3. How did reactions to Western policies influence the 1979 Iranian Revolution?
IDALIA HERNANDEZ – Extra Credit
3. How did British imperial policy help to shape modern Iran?
British influence came to Iran in the 1800s. They occupied the southern Iran using their occupation for their own economic and military interests. (Russia occupied the northern part) Their interest was basically in oil production. They established the Anglo Persian Oil Co. in 1909, even thought the British imperialism is not longer at Iran the Iranians still hold Western oil companies as a part of the old British agreement.
In 1920 the British became very concern about Iran thinking that it might be the next communist country due to the communist revolution in Russia. Since the British were no longer occupying the south part of Iran they influenced to get them a leader, a leader that will not allow Iran to become communist, that leader was Reza Shah Pahlavi. He became the shah of Iran with the help of the British support.
HELENA FORBES – Extra Credit
3. How did reactions to Western policies influence the 1979 Iranian Revolution?
According to Khomeini, the “West influence is satanic and must be destroyed”. He had no appreciation for the United States and president Carter. Khomeini controlled the 1979 Iranian Revolution from his revolutionary headquarters, first from Iran and then from Paris.
When the British viewed the Iranians moving towards a communist revolution, they convinced the American CIA to empower Mohammed Pahlavi, the Shah. While the U.S. viewed the Shah as an ally, Iranians viewed the U.S. as an imperialist.
After elected president in 1976, Jimmy Carter pressured the Shah to end SAVAK’s human rights abuses. SAVAK was the Shah’s very aggressive secret military police force, created because he feared his own people. The Shah did not want to lose U.S. support so he ordered SAVAK to ease off, which increased revolutionary actions inside Iran. The Shah believed that modernizing Iran by following Western main beliefs, would give them sovereignty. That ideal created dissatisfaction within the clergy that organized demonstrations against the Shah who then commit the biggest mistake of his life: he did not execute Khomeini when he had him as a prisoner. Instead, he deported him to Iraq. Khomeini ended up victorious against the Shah that fled Iran. His main goal was to attack all things Western and to launch a holy war against the West.
TIMUR HAECKEL EXTR – Extra Credit
2. How did British imperial policy help to shape modern Iran?
British imperialism came to Iran in the 1800s. After 1850, the British began to view Iran as the northern gate to India. The British occupied southern Iran. Oil production had a tremendous impact on the way the British used Iran. In 1925, British put in charge of Iran westerner Reza Shah Pahlavi, he fled country in 1944. Iranians had attempted to create a constitutional assembly, but the British believed they were moving too far to the left and would be swept into a communist revolution. Playing on their fear of communism, the British convinced the American CIA that the only hope for stability in Iran was to empower the son of Shah, Mohammed Pahlavi, he also fled country in1979.
3. How did reactions to western policies influence the 1979 Iranian Revolution?
Ruhollah Khomeini the Shiite grand ayatollah who was the leading figure in the 1979 Iranian Revolution. Khomeini toppled the shah’s government and consolidated power by destroying or silencing other Shiite Islamic scholars. Iran transformed into a theocracy under his influence. Revolutionaries gained momentum after the election of Jimmy Carter in 1976. Carter pressured the shah to end human rights abuses.
Professor this is all the questions. Chapter 6 had only 9 questions and the team answered the questions.
Thank you and everyone have a wonderful weekend.
Good Morning Dr.T,
Group 2 is present and consists of:
Susie Church
Chevellione Carter
Marvin De Armas
Serge Celcis
Irene Curbelo
Roberto Zamora
We had Chapter 7 The Irish Troubles. Self check question are as follows:
Susie Church
-Page 143 (1st question)
How did the Viking incursions shape Ireland?
The relations among Gaelic tribes became important when Viking raiders began to attack Ireland around C.E. 800. The divided Irish were dominated by their Viking rulers, and the Norsemen used Ireland as a trading base and center of commerce.
-Page 147
Why did the Reformation affect English Colonization of Ireland?
Wanting to free himself from the ecclesiastical shackles of Rome, the English king, Henry VIII, created an independent Church of England, because of the problems of early Reformation were magnified by Henry's daughter Elizabeth.
Explain the birth of Irish Republicanism in terms of Roman Catholicism and Protestantism?
From 1689 to 1691, James II, the Catholic pretender to the British throne, used Ireland as a base from which to revolt against William Orange, the English king. In August 1689, Irish Protestant skilled workers, called Apprentice Boys, were relieved by the English after defending Derry through a long siege by the pretender.
How could Protestants and Roman Catholics unite in the name of home rule?
In the years following the famine, a series of Home Rules acts designed to give Ireland independence. And by the nineteenth century, both Unionist and Republicans were fully Irish; that is, Catholics and Protestants, despite all political differences, identified themselves as citizens of Emerald Isle.
Chevellione Carter
-Page 149
Identify the factors that gave birth to Republican militancy?
The Unionist and Republicans had a division and struggle between each other. A solution when the Irish Republican Brotherhood was formed in 1850 and when the Irish soldiers struggle for emancipation back to Ireland fighting to free Ireland was at all factors that gave birth to Republican militancy.
How did the Irish Republican Brotherhood evolve toward militancy?
The Irish Republican Brotherhood campaign of bombing and assassination along with violence, which target were Unionist and British forces supported the Unionist cause. The freighting of Irish citizens, and Irish Republican Brotherhood men believe they had to prove warrior who would fight for independence evolve toward militancy.
Might different British policies have achieved harmony between the United Kingdom and Ireland?
Yes. British policies have achieved harmony between the United Kingdom and Ireland. Events were controlled in Ireland through police and militancy. Any British policies could have achieved harmony between the kingdom with the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) along with Patrick Pearse.
Marvin De Armas
-Page 143 (2nd question)
What changes came after the Normans established cities in Ireland?
The Normans invaded Ireland. The Norman king of England took rule of Ireland in 1172 by using new methods of warfare. The Normans struggle with the Irish lead to the building of castles by the Normans in order to control the Irish cities, while the Irish dominated the rural areas. The Irish weren’t technologically powerful enough to attack the Normans yet the Normans could not maintain the field force to control the Irish. As the Irish and the Normans fought, the Irish maintained cultural traditions and clan structure. The English ultimately defeated the Irish forces in 1601. The Scottish and English laid claim to the lands throughout the next eighty years.
-Page 151
Was the Easter Rising inevitable?
The British promised home rule to Ireland when World War I came to end. Although most of the people of Ireland believed in the British, unionist and republicans had another plan. They were secretly arming for a civil war. It was believed that granting home rule to Ireland would in evidently cause a fight. With Pearse and Connollly around, the Easter Rising was inevitable. Their pragmatic socialistic personality was bound to end up in a war.
How would British military officers view the Easter Rising in the middle of World War I?
The British were outrage because they felt betrayed by Pearse and Connoly. They were prepared to fight; a fight that left the Dublin devastated.
Could a more moderate response to the Easter Rising have prevented further violence?
It is obvious that a more moderate response would have prevent further violence. The ideal situation would have been if everything came to an agreement while avoiding violence. It is also believed that if the British played to Irish sympathy, they would, in turn, have stopped a lot of violence.
Serge Celcis
-Page 153
How did Michael Collins's strategy differ from Patrick Pearse's?
Beating the British at their own game, Michael Collins, a skilled organizer of considerable intelligence, first became known during the Easter Rising in 1916. AS a highly respected member in the IRB he was made financial advisor to Count Plunkett. Strategies he use were as follows: Strike the Root not the branches - Hit the top people, not the drones. In the area of Intelligence, know the enemy. Who are they, where do they live, work, shop, attend public events, church. Who are their neighbors, family and friends? Lastly, supply your needs, i.e. food, weapons, ammunition and hide-outs. Most of all you must have communications ability with your comrades and the general public.
What is the meaning "selective terror" and how did Collins employ it?
“Selective Terrorism” is systematic, organized and ruthless. Collins believed that indiscriminate terror was of no value. Large scale and random attacks would alienate society. Launching an attack and waiting for the population to spontaneously rise to rebellion was equally futile. He illustrated that terrorism had to selectively and ruthlessly target security forces and their symbol of authority.
The Black and Tan War led to partial independence and future violence. Why?
According to the book, The Black and Tans were the British response. This rag tag group was sent into Ireland to combat The Rising. Both sides used chaos and murder as tactics. It is well known that violence only begets violence. This was the gateway to unimaginable violence in Europe and the dressing for modern day terrorist violence. For the Black and Tans, their primary task was to make Ireland "hell for the rebels to live in". Over 8000 Black and Tans went to Ireland and while they found it difficult to cope with men who used classic guerrilla tactics against them, those who lived in areas where the Black and Tans were based, paid the price. They served no purpose for the British government as they simply failed to stop what the IRA was doing. However, they did succeed in getting the republican cause a great deal of civilian support simply because of their acts people may not have joined the IRA, but they were supporters of it and gave what financial help they could to the movement. The Black and Tans were pulled out of Ireland in ignominy.
Irene Curbelo
-Page 157
How did republicanism relate to the Catholic civil rights movement of the 1960s?
Republicanism related to the Catholic civil rights movement because according to the reading the ones responsible behind the failure of the civil rights movement were the government in Northern Ireland who systematically reduced the civil rights of Catholics living in the north. During that period the economic power increased and Catholics demanded equality. The demonstrations became violent and that’s when the British Army came to support the government. This violence was initiated because of the discrimination against Catholics in Ireland.
Did the evolution of the IRA contribute to this relationship?
Yes, the evolution of the IRA contributed to this relationship because the once the Catholics and Republican felt oppressed by all sides, they searched for help. They found it, in the form of the IRA. The IRA pushed its internal conflicts aside and focused on their new enemy the British Army. IRA ranks grew from a few dozen to nearly 2,000 members. This is how the evolution of the IRA contributed to the relationship with the Catholic Civil Rights Movement.
Would different military reactions to the riots in Belfast and Londonderry change or eliminate violent republicanism?
In my opinion, different military reactions to the riots of Belfast and Londonderry would’ve change republicanism. I don’t think it would’ve eliminated because there was Catholic Group who was discriminated and would’ve put up a fight regardless. The military reaction was very destructive. The government should’ve taken the time to listen to their people’s request.
Good morning Dr. Telesco,
I have just posted group 4’s paper on Chapter 9, Middle East, for DSC4012.
The following students participated in this group:
Timur Haeckel, Idalia Hernandez, Jennifer Lacroix, Jesus Leon, and Helena Forbes.
Please consider all five members in attendance today.
Thank you very much for such a great class and we wish you the best on your new endeavors.
Helena Forbes
Roberto Zamora
-Page 159
Identify the differences between Unionist and Republican violence.
Unionist organizations waged their reigns of terror for a cause while the Republicans did not. According to the text, Unionist violence appeared in 3 forms: (1) state repression, (2) vengeance, and (3) revolutionary violence for political change. The Irish Republican Army began their bombings and assassinations for no apparent reason, which lead the Unionists to retaliate.
Was Irish terrorism the result of religion, politics, or a combination of both?
Irish terrorism was a combination of both politics, and religion. Although I found evidence of both throughout the text, I do believe politics had a greater influence than religion. Some forms of terrorism were for political change, while others were because of fear of Catholic Republican power. Unionist activity increased when Unionists felt their government was abandoning their cause. On the other hand, Unionists also fought because they did not want their government to be influenced by the Catholic religion.
Did Unionist violence compare to the type of terrorism waged by groups like the Irish Republican Army?
When Irish Republican Army bombings and assassinations began, the Unionist terrorists targeted Republican leaders, especially outspoken civil rights advocates. Unionist terrorism has never matched Republican terrorism simply because Unionists were able to use official organizations to repress Catholics in Northern Ireland.
I have posted all of the self check questions for group 2.
We all want to thank you for such a wonderful experience and wish you the best.
Good morning Dr Telesco,
Group 5 is present and consit of
Rubenson Michel
Jennifer Martinez
Jesmer Olivo
Alex Rodriguez
Missiva Khacer
Rubenson Michel
Self Check question page 232
1. Why did the Palestinian militant movement split into factions?
The Palestinian militant movement split into factions after the end of the Yom Kippur War. The Yom Kippur War caused a shift in the structure of Middle Eastern terrorism and resulted in a peace between Israel and Egypt. While the end of Yom Kippur caused peace between Jordan and Israel it returned Arafat to the forefront of Palestinian terrorism. With the return of Arafat was an internal battle for supremacy in the Palestinian movement. Although he tired to exert control over the entire military campaign, Arafat was unsuccessful. New Palestinian group formed and split from Fatah.
2. How did the Abu Nidal Organization emerge from the split?
Abu Nidal Organization emerged after Arafat attempted to keep together a diverse group. Arafat hinted that he would recognize the state of Israel and that infuriated Arab nationalist. The groups angered by Arafat statement become Rejectionist. Among the rejectionist the Abu Nidal Organization emerged. Abu Nidal becomes a mercenary group abandoning Arafat and forsaking the Palestinian cause.
3. Why did the Palestinian Islamic jihad establish its own operation?
The Palestinian Islamic Jihad which is the functioning name of several groups was PIJ structured the organization in secret. The PIJ emerged from Egypt. The founders of the PIJ sought to create an Islamic state using military action. Shekaki the leader of the PIJ longed to take direct action against corrupt Muslim government. In the shadow of the occupied territories, the PIJ grew. The PIJ was focused solely on military action. In 1982 Shekaki and the newly formed PIJ came in contact with Iran and other spiritual leaders. Shekaki was impressed with the organizations structure and form of attack. Shekaki soon adapted the umbrella structure and bombing tactic. He then discovered that by allowing his group to split he become invisible to his enemies and could focus on killing the enemy. Following Shekaki death, his successor Sallah stood true to the original design and the PIJ remained small, consisting of no more than a few dozen members.
Alex Rodriguez
Self Check questions page 237
1. Why did religion merge with the Palestine movement?
Ahmen Yassin one of the founding leaders of Hamas, believed that the only path that could restore Palestine was the path of Islam. Yassin was disappointed with the secular direction of the PLO and decided to steer the resistance movement along a religious course. Many university graduates, teachers and professionals joined the movement. They came to the agreement that there could not be any compromise with the Israelis and Israel should not and could not be able to exist and Palestine was God given land.
2. Explain the birth of Hamas.
After the 1967 Six Days’ War Arab nationalism and all thoughts of peace came to an end. When Yassin started preaching the radical ideas that the only way Palestine would ever control of the region was if they strictly followed the path of Islam. In 1984 Yassin told followers that they needed to store guns and be ready for war at anytime. In Hamas’ charter circa 1988 it stated that a political and military wing and that Palestine was God given land.
3. Is Hamas a united movement?
Yassin was jailed from 1989 to 1997 in that time there was a little bit of a power struggle. MusaAbu Marzuq was the leader of Hamas during that time. The struggle was short lived. During Marzuas’ time he expanded Hamas and took the fight not only in Palestine but all over. Hamas is united in one thing religion, and with that they are attament on destroying Israel and all western ideas.
Jesmar Olivo
Self Check questions page 241
1. Not all Jews and Israelis passively accept the existence of Muslims in Israel. There are militant Judaism that believe in violence and conduct terrorist acts against Palestinians, generally Muslims.
2. Fundamentalist Jewish groups like Kach and Kahane Chai are considered to be terrorist organization. They conduct acts like threatening and harassing Palestinians and have even threatened to attack Arabs and Israelis seeking peace. Baruch Goldstein, which was a member of Kach, killed almost two dozen Muslims while worshiping in the Al Aqsa Mosque in 1994.
3. Militant Judaism is based on the biblical notion that God has promised to restore the state of Israel. Extremists answer to God rather than democratic ideals. The militant Judaism believe that God's biblical promises in terms of territory.
Martinez Jennifer
Self Check questions page 239
1. What started the al Aqsa Intifada?
Suicide bombing became the most important tactic of all the Palestinian terrorist groups at the beginning of the al Aqsa Intifada in September 2000. Its two main forces were the politically oriented Force 17 and the Tanzim Brigade. The al Aqsa Intifada Brigades was formed to put Fatah at the center of the new Intifada. The Brigade began as a secular group, but they increasingly used jihadist rhetoric. The Brigades have become the most potent Palestinian force in the al Aqsa Intifada.
2. What tactics did terrorists use in the al Aqsa Intifada?
The Brigades’ primary tactics have been drive-by shootings, sniper shootings, ambushes, and kidnap-murders. Yet, as with so many other terrorist groups, their most devastating tactic has been the use of suicide bombers. They delivered human bombs filled with antipersonnel material designed to inflict the maximum amount of casualties; their purpose to kill as many victims possible in the most public way possible. Furthermore, they used the first female suicide bomber in the Middle East on January 27, 2002.
3.Do the al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades unite the Palestinians in a common effort?
Yes and they function in very similar ways, especially when it refers to taking action without permission from a hierarchy. Cells exist in several Palestinian communities, and leaders are empowered to take action on their own without approval from a hierarchy. Although the leaders of the group are unknown, the Brigades have been effective without centralized leadership. Their strength comes from the ability of small cells to operate without a strong leader. The Brigades have been effective because they operate in a network. They both claim their purpose is limited: their goal is to stop Israeli incursions and attacks in Palestinian areas, and they intend to punish Israel for each attack.
Missiva Khacer
Self Check questions page 224
1. Explain the emergence of Fatah from the six days’ war.
Fatah, the largest faction of Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) rose to prominence and became the dominant force in Palestinian politics after the 1967 six days’ war. The initial coverage of Fatah’s attacks caused the Palestine Liberation Organization’s status to grow all over the Arab World. PLO was seen as courageous because without having a country, an army and resources, PLO was the only one willing to strike Israel. Fatah’s reputation rose and began to obtain financial backing from several Arab states. At the meantime, the number of Fatah’s Fedayeen (warrior) increased, allowing Arafat to launch more raids against Israel. Arafat formally became field commander and was seen as a hero in Palestinian eyes – attracting thousands of volunteers from refugee camps to join the Fatah cause.
2. How did Karamah and the Jordanian offensive change Fatah?
Karamah and the Jordanian offensive gave the Fatah instant prestige within the Arab community. In fact, Fatah became the most powerful Palestinian group. The Israelis retreat’s during the Karamah battle made Arafat became an overnight hero to the Arabs. He proclaimed himself commanders of the Fedayeen (warriors) and millions of dollars flowed into his coffers. According to my research, Karamah and the Jordanian offensive not only gave Fatah the prestigious recognition among Arab World, it irrevocably implanted the Palestine problem onto the international agenda, no longer as a humanitarian issue of homeless refugees, but as a claim to Palestinian state.
3. What impact did the 1982 invasion of Lebanon have on Palestinians?
After the 1982 invasion of Lebanon, the PLO infrastructure in Lebanon was destroyed, the organization retreated to North Africa and the occupied territories. The PLO left Lebanon in defeat and Palestinians refugees were massacred in 2 Lebanese villages. Many PLO fighters “Fedayeen” were killed and more than 10000 stayed and joined Syrians. Still sponsoring terrorism, Fatah’s activities were eclipsed by other groups such as Hezbollah who continued the fighting in Lebanon.
Group 6 is Present
Yasnay Roso
Augustine Sanon
Juan Salas
Jessica Sanchez
Joanna Calderon
6/12/10
Chapter 11- International Umbrella Groups and Terror Networks
Self Check
Yasnay Roso
Page 258
1. Explain the four phases in the evolution of Hezbollah.
(Page 251)In phase one of the development of Hezbollah, from 1982 to 1985, the Hezbollah umbrella covered many terrorist groups, including a shadowy organization known as Islamic Jihad. According to Amir Taheri (1987), Hezbollah leaders met in the city of Baalbek in Lebanon’s Bekaa Valley and issued vague “suggestions” to Islamic Jihad. They also provided financial and logistical support for terrorist operations but kept themselves out of day-to-day affairs of the terrorist group. By keeping their distance, Hezbollah’s leaders were able to claim to have no direct knowledge of Islamic Jihad, and more importantly, they kept Iran from being directly linked to Islamic Jihad’s terrorist campaign against Israel and the West. After 1985 Hezbollah began to change. As part of an organization designed to spread the Shiite revolution, Hezbollah was not content to act only as an umbrella group to support terrorism (Enteshami,1995;Reuters, 1996). Hezbollah went on the warpath. After introducing suicide bombers in its initial phase, Hezbollah struck U.S. Marines and the French army in October 1983, forcing a withdrawal of a multinational peacekeeping force. Tactics were extremely effective in the first two phases. The third phase of Hezbollah’s came in 1990. Taking over the organization after the death of Musawi, Nasrallah created a regional militia by 1990. The group organized social services, a political party, and a military wing. Hezbollah’s four phase brought the organization from the shadows. Its militia, while operating as a guerilla force, repeatedly struck the Israelis in Lebanon. Israel launches offensive in Lebanon, Israel withdraws, Hezbollah claims victory. Iran begins to rebuild Lebanese infrastructures. Hezbollah is the A team among terrorist groups.
2. What is the current state of Hezbollah?
(Page 254) The current state of Hezbollah is to be one of the strongest nonstate groups in the Middle East. Its leaders, who called clerics in the Western press but ulema, or Islamic scholars, by Muslims, are associated with Shiite seminary in Najaf, Iraq. It is organized in three directorates: a political wing, a social services wing, and a security wing. There is a seprate international group, Hezbollah International, is managed by master terrorist Imad Mugniyah (J. Goldberg, 2002). Most of Hezbollah’s activities deal with the politics of Lebanon and the vast social service network it maintains in the south.
Augustine Sanon
Page 262
2. Explain the evolution of jihadist group in Algeria?
The origins of the Islamic extremist movement in Algeria can be traced to the year 1982 and founded by a pioneering Islamic militant named Mustafa Bouyali. According to Arab-Afghan spokesman Abu Hamza al-Masri, Bouyali is one of the “most famous” Algerian jihadists and is at “the root of the militant Islamic groups in Algeria in general.” In the early1980s, after an ugly dispute with the ruling regime, Bouyali formed a secret terror cell known as the Algerian Islamic Movement (MIA). In a brazen and unprecedented raid, the MIA stole a number of rifles and explosives from a military arms depot and fled to the hinterlands in a bid to wage a guerilla war against the Algerian government. Bouyali was eventually captured by the Algerian military and executed in1987. London-based mujahideen spokesman Abu Hamza al-Masri has attempted to explain the nature of Bouyali’s underground mystique: “He took his struggle to the mountains and he was avoiding the population to the best of his ability. He was little known to the media but his struggle was known of by the Islamic militant groups, some of whom still feel proud if they find a way to relate themselves to him in some way. “Indeed, in recent edition of its official online magazine, the Algerian Salafist Group for Prayer and Combat (GSPC) has directly referred to its fighters as the “saplings” of Mustafa Bouyali 14. Many Arab-Afghan veterans who returned to Algeria were disappointed with the lack of progress by Islamist political parties like the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in achieving power. These hardliners, who embraced the “Afghan” philosophy of jihad until victory or martyrdom, scoffed at FIS for being far too moderate and political in its approach. According to Abu Hamza al-Masri, “when Abu Adlan took over control of the group, this caused the formation of the core of the GIA, although it didn’t have the name yet. This group then did quite a few difficult operations that annoyed the government a forced other groups to reunite and others to join them or to try to unite the other groups into one mass in other areas.” The GIA network was particularly interested in acquiring the allegiance of Commander Mansour Meliani, a former top MIA lieutenant under the legendary Mustafa Bouyali. The Algerian Armed Islamic Group (GIA) grew to resist the military.
Augustine Sanon group 6
3. How did the Egyptian experience reflect the umbrella philosophy?
Egypt has been playing a leading role in supporting the Arab issues, foremost among which are the issues of the Arab-Israeli conflict, Iraq, Sudan, the Arab League reform. Egypt policy is to draw up a joint vision on serving the supreme Arab interests and maintaining Arab national security; mutual respect to the sovereignty of the Arab countries and non-interference in the internal affairs; maintaining independence of the Arab decision making process; enhancing ties of solidarity among the Arab countries and seeking peaceful means in solving the Arab disputes; preserving the Arab resources and boosting the development process in the Arab countries; boosting the economic and trade ties between the Arab countries with the ultimate goal of establishing the common Arab market. Respect the pan-Arab treaties and establish good relations with non-Arab countries based on principles of mutual respect. In February 1998, Bin laden announced the formation of an umbrella group called The Islamic World Front for the struggle against the Jews and the Crusaders. Among the members of this organization are the Egyptian al-Gama, al-Islamiyya and the Egyptian al-Jihad, Rifa’l Ahmad Taha, a leader of the Islamic Group. The founders of the Front included, besides Bin Laden; Dr Ayman al-Zawahiri leader of the Egyptian Jihad did not get along with either IG’s leaders or its philosophy. He felt that targeting Christians and tourists would turn the Egyptians against the jihadist movement. The government repressed the people should be the sole target of the terrorist campaign. He believed the government represented the near enemy. The umbrella philosophy or ideology got some root on the Egypt policy. The difference is the violence that the umbrella group used to achieve their goal.
Juan Salas Group 6
Page 273
2. How did al Qaeda misappropriate Islam?
Because jihadists make religious claims, many Muslims become upset when their faith is portrayed in terms of violent terrorism. Magnus Ranstorp says the jihadist are doomed to failure within their own culture because their theology of violence does not convey the meaning of Islam. Feisal Rauf responds with a popular theological treatise explaining the strengths of Islam. Islam is a religion, Rauf says, that values peace and toleration. There are violent passages in the Quran, but there are violent passages in the writings of all major religions, including Judaism and Christianity. Islam teaches universal human love, submission to God’s will, and a life of morality preparing for the final judgment of God.
3. Does the rise of bin Laden signal a declaration of war between Islam and the West?
The rise of bin laden somewhat signal a declaration of war between Islam and the West, but how else would it have ended with people from both sides having different beliefs. Not to mention at some point West was helping bin Laden and he believes. But we can’t give all the credit to bin Laden. Some Islam’s had problems with the west way before Bin Laden came about. Just that Bin Laden to drastic action on his behave to leave a mark on showing that he disagrees with the west.
Jessica Sanchez group 6
Page 273
1. Explain the “umbrella effect” on the international jihadist movement.
It was first led by Mullah Omar and it was composed of Islamic students who wanted to bring order to Afghanistan through imposition of Islamic law. Before 2001 Al Qaeda was a command hierarchy but after 2001 it became more disorganized but yet they still had millions of supporters and sympathizers.
Page 276
1. How did the allied offensive in Afghanistan impact the jihadist movement?
While at first the U.S had the support of the world when they declared war on Afghanistan they lost it after Bush shifted his attention to Iraq. This caused support networks to be sprouted in the jihadist movement. They learned to use the media as a force multiplier. They began using the internet as a communication and planning tool, created propaganda videos and finally they began posting their own productions on the internet.
Joanna Calderon group 6
Pg. 273
2. How do networks differ from hierarchies?
Networks and hierarchies both consist of different groups in order to support and carry out terrorist operations. And they maintain communication channels, provide safe houses and gather intelligence. However, in a hierarchy the most common job its terrorist groups are to support not combat. Hierarchical groups use cell structures and top down management and re divided into four levels. First, command; the smallest makes policy and plans and also provides general direction. But the command is not always successful because of the demand for secrecy. Then, the active cadre; the people responsible for carrying out the mission. Following is the active supporters, the keep terrorists on the field by maintaining communication channels and providing safe houses and making sure all logistical needs is met. Last are the passive supporters, the most difficult group to identify because they are not really members but they represent a favorable element of the political climate. The Hierarchy’s main demand is secrecy, in contrast networks characterize their operations by the nature of it and the violence is broken up into two levels. Organized small groups and disruptive violence from demonstrations. Their main focus is combat. Another characteristic is that network members can be quickly assembled even though they work from many different locations and their group structures are temporary. They are designed to fit a particular situation; they appear from what seems like nowhere, strike and disappear again.
3. Explain the characteristics of the fifth generation Jihadists.
Fifth generation jihadist resulted from the breakup of Al Qaeda. The Jihadist terrorist networks operate without leadership or permanent networks. They are fuelled by local issues and have diverse goal issues. They learned to use the media as a force multiplier, using television and internet support groups. The Jihadists make videos and propaganda on the internet to expand their operations. The groups and external alliances they form are temporary and disassociate from each other after operations.
end of group 6 self check questions.
Dr. Telesco
All questions of group 6 have been posted. We want to thank you for such a great class and wish you nothing but success in the future.
Thank you,
Group 6
Yasnay Roso
Augustine Sanon
Juan Salas
Jessica Sanchez
Joanna Calderon
Group 3- Chapter 8
Latin American Influences on Terrorism
Attendance
Carlo Del Castillo
Lisa Brunner
Bastia Dorelien
Rose Dulcio
Michael Fernandez
Chapter 8- Group 3
(Carlo Del Castillo)
1. What is urban terrorism?
It’s a four-stage process described by Carlos Marighella. First stage is designed to bring the actual violence and give violence meaning. It’s used to destabilize governmental power. Second stage is governmental repression, which is the goal of terrorism. Government would be forced to declare martial law. Third stage is the massive uprising from the public to government’s repression and fourth stage is to defeat the government.
2. How do Fanon’s theories relate to Marighella’s?
Fanon saw guerrilla warfare and individual acts of terrorism as tools of revolution. Urban terrorism would become the major weapon in order to terrorize the government and bring on governmental repression. Then, it would make people to turn to the terrorist cause. Revolutionaries as Carlos Marighella were influenced by Fanon’s ideas, which believe terrorism could communicate with the people and infuse them with the spirit of revolt. Both believed the basis of revolution was violence.
(Rose Dulcio)
3. How does the Minimanual prepare urban groups for terrorism?
The Minimanual prepares urban groups for terrorism through Urban Terrorism. The Minimanual, as we know, was designed by Carlos Marighella, who believed that “the basis of revolution was violence”. As mentioned in the text Marighella designed a four-stage model (urban terrorism), which have been used by several terrorists groups, but does not work. The Minimanual describes the basic structure needed to form an urban terrorist group and what their duties will be as a small urban group.
4. Are there similarities between Marighella’s ideas and Guevara’s?
Guevara’s model was much more efficient than Marighella’s. But there were some similarities between the two. Both of these gentlemen used “violence” as some form of terrorism act as their tactics to pursue their goal against the government they were focused on. Both Marighella and Guevara saw a need to focus on small urban groups, in which they felt would be more beneficial. Each of them had guidelines that describe the structures and phases of what they both called “revolutionary terrorism”. Aside from these simple similarities, the ideas and structures of both of these men were different, which resulted in different results.
(Bastia Dorelien)
5. Explain the Cuban revolutionary model?
The Cuban revolutionary model is based on the Cuban experiences that are characterized by three phases. The purpose of each phases is to progress from the previous one. The first phase of the Cuban revolution began with isolating the groups. Revolutionaries joined the poor population to form guerilla Foco. The second phase is when the isolated groups are combined in to guerrilla columns. The last phase brings columns together in a conventional army to overthrow the government. The goal of the Cuban revolutionary is to establish a conventional fighting force.
6. What are the differences between rural and the urban guerillas?
According to my reading, there is no difference between the rural and the urban guerillas. From rural guerilla warfare many Foco ideas were adapted into urban guerilla warfare. Their strategies are based on ambush and sabotage, to instill fear and confusion among the ruling classes and its protector with their main intention is destabilizing or demoralizing the government power.
Chapter 8 Group 3 Cont....
(Michael Fernandez)
7. What political and economic factors gave rise to revolutionary thought in Uruguay?
Before revolutionary thought in Uruguay, democratic principles and freedoms were the accepted basis of their political structures. The democratic rule was complemented by a strong economy and an excellent educational system. In 1954, Uruguay’s economy started to crumble. Prices of exported goods dropped and unemployment and economic dissatisfaction grew. By 1959, Uruguay was undertaken by a devastating economic reversal and all their workers were restless.
8. How did the Tupamaros envision urban revolution?
Unlike rural guerillas, the Tupamaros organized to do battle inside the city. Terrorism would become their primary strategy for assaulting the enemy. They were armed with the power to strike and sought to paralyze the government. They believed the government would increasingly turn to repression, as means of defense, and the people would ultimately be forced to join the revolution.
(Lisa Brunner)
10. Why should the Tupamaros be studied forty years after their campaign?
The Tupamaros should be studied because of the fact that they created an urban movement is important in terms of the group’s impact on violence in Latin American, but it also has a bearing on the way terrorist methods have developed in Europe and the United States. The fell it is possible to gain understanding of modern terrorism by studying the structure and tactical operations of the Tupamaros. The Tupamaros offered an alternative to this tradition by making the city a battleground.
11. How might Tupamaros tactics reflect the actions of terror networks?
How they operated which was on force. The Tupamaros spent little time discussing their grand strategy. The group did operate under some broad assumptions. The Tupamaros realized they could not achieve popular support without the proper political circumstances. They believed they could obtain power only at critical juncture, when the political, social and economic conditions were conducive to revolution. Tupamaros saw violence as the only method to bring about social change. The Tupamaros focused on low-level activities: arson, propaganda, and exposing public corruption. Their terrorist activities were complemented by transportation and intelligence networks, that provided them support.
Attendance
Neil Torrens
Santiago Valdez
Priscilla Vazquez
Darnell Williams
Soincerae Woods
Carl Saint-Cyr
DSC4012
Professor Telesco
06/12/2010
Group Questions ((((GROUP #8)))) Chapter 13
Section#1
1. What course has violent Irish Republican and Unionist extremism taken in recent years?
The Irish Republican is an ideology based on the belief that all Ireland should be an independent republic. This is a form of the old history ideology. Terrorism, of course; has taken place since the beginning of times. In some cultures, some can justify death as a part of freedom or a victory. I’m not sure there will ever be an answer to this particular broad and controversial topic.
Terrorism, when it comes to politics, racism or religion can be extreme in many cases. Many of these ideologies stem from the early century history of terrorism. In 1985, the Republic of Ireland signed a peace contract; this was the Anglo-Irish Peace Accord. This agreement was to seek to bring peace to the country. This peace accord even caused a certain level of violence between the people of the Irish community. Most felt a violation of their rights’. Violence was still accruing, but, the outburst was few.
Even though the process may never change, the prime minister and other groups continued the process of peace. The Red Hand Defenders and the Orange Volunteers (Unionist extremist group in Northern Ireland formed in 1998) has disavowed the peace.
2. Why do militant Basques reject Spanish Rules?
A resurgence of Basque nationalism during the 1950’s reflected a centuries-old tradition of unique language and culture (since 1035). The Basque separatists believe they should allow developing homeland completely independent of Spain. The nationalists control a semiautonomous Basque parliament, but they are divided in their desire for autonomy while a substantial minority of Basques wants to remain united with Spain. In 1959, Francisco Franco forcibly campaigned against Basque national identity. The Basque National Liberty (EAT) began a campaign against Spain through terrorism and violence. After signing a peace accord, the Spanish government has given the Basques regional governing authority with the use of their own language and run their own schools. Basically, Basques militants want total independence from Spain through dialogue with France and Spain sometime in the future.
3. Why has the Jihadist movement replaced western European concerns leftists with violence?
Europe sees the rebirth of terrorist in 1965 with the rise of the leftist violence after a long dormant period. Violence is the raison d’être of terrorism which creates fear in order intimidate, undermine the moderates to seek and win peaceful solutions regardless if it is political, ethnic, nationalistic or leftist terrorism.
After unprecedented growth from 1968, the structure of Europe changed in the late 80’s, so was terrorism, just as Dennis Pluchinsky (1982) had predicted. Several European leftist groups formed a coalition seeking unity out of weakness. The threat of jihadist terrorist replaced the threats from the left, and Europe experienced new strains of terrorism. Jihadist network played a significant role in western European terrorism; north African groups appear in Spain and Italy, middle eastern chapters with ties in Algeria are active in France, others in U.K., Germany, Belgium and the Netherland. The raison d’être of terrorism is violence.
POST #2
Section#2
1. How is turkey’s struggle against terrorism similar and dissimilar from the issues in Europe?
Bin Laden was, though, a product of a monumental miscalculation by western security agencies. Throughout the 80s he was armed by the CIA and funded by the Saudis to wage jihad against the Russian occupation of Afghanistan. Al-Qaida, literally "the database", was originally the computer file of the thousands of mujahedeen who were recruited and trained with help from the CIA to defeat the Russians. Inexplicably, and with disastrous consequences, it never appears to have occurred to Washington that once Russia was out of the way, Bin Laden's organization would turn its attention to the west.
The danger now is that the west's current response to the terrorist threat compounds that original error. So long as the struggle against terrorism is conceived as a war that can be won by military means, it is doomed to fail. The more the west emphasizes confrontation, the more it silences moderate voices in the Muslim world who want to speak up for cooperation. Success will only come from isolating the terrorists and denying them support, funds and recruits, which means focusing more on our common ground with the Muslim world than on what divides us
2. Cite the types of groups that practice terrorism in Turkey.
- Kurdistan Workers Party
- Turkish Hezbollah
- Al Qaeda
- El Kaide Turka
- Jihadist
3. How does the PKK differ from the jihadist movement?
The PKK is an organization of Turkish Kurds. PKK was founded in 1974 to fight for an independent Kurdistan. The Palestinian Islamic Jihad was created after many members of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood found that the organization was becoming too moderate and did not commit enough effort to the Palestinian struggle. So in the late 1970s, the founders of the PIJ, Fathi Shaqaqi and Abd al-Aziz Awda created the group to fight for the sovereignty of Palestine and the destruction of Israel. The PKK's ideology is founded on revolutionary socialism and Kurdish nationalism. The PKK's goal has been to create an independent, Kurdish state.
Section #3
1. How are the breakaway states related to terrorism?
The breakaway states are relate to terrorism because they lie outside the authority of Russia, but remain unrecognized by the community of nations arms trade, organized crime, and narcotics trafficking flourishes.
2. How did Jihadists describe the two wars in Chechnya?
Jihadists described the two wars as an opportunity to expand the way to the Caucasus region and they felt that it could become the base for the new caliphate.
3. How do Chechen nationalist view the conflict?
Chechen nationalist view the conflict as something unnecessary and they just want to be able to govern themselves. Chechen nationalists have many followers because of their appeal to patriotism. Since the conflict in Chechnya keeps growing day by day and the wars never seem to end they have very little hope of being able to govern themselves someday.
Mercedes Capote
P. 287
What types of social problems plague Africa?
1) Child armies, slavery, and starvation are part of the social problems plaguing the region.
Terrorism is one problem among many in Africa. The center of the continent is plagued by tribal strife, and the Horn witnesses religious and ethnic conflicts. Africa is suffering from a colonial past, poverty, and a modern epidemic. Some policy makers believe that these issues must be addressed but they are separate from terrorism. Others argue that a comprehensive approach to Africa’s massive social problems is a more effective method of controlling terrorism.
2) What are the primary criminal problems in Sub-Saharan Africa?
Problems in Sub-Saharan Africa extend beyond terrorism. War, famine, and disease are more pressing. Both children and women are exploited, and totalitarian governments control some countries. Africa is the poorest region on earth. The continent is not completely awash in violence, and Barnett believes the long-term solution to most African violence, including terrorism, is to bring economic development and stabilization.
3) Describe the state of terrorism in the Horn of Africa?
Terrorism is a threat in western and central Africa. Although Thomas Barnett is correct in saying that the area is not awash in violence, it has been the scene of countless tragedies, mass murders, genocides, and epidemics. Terrorism is not the overriding issue. Hunger, disease, violence, and human rights abuses are. If the developed nations would aggressively intervene for humanitarian purposes, it would do much to prevent state failures that provide an environment supporting terrorism. The same argument could be made for the Horn of Africa. There are terrorist currently active in the Horn of Africa. After 9/11 the United States worked with governments in the region to create the Combined Joint Task Force, Horn of Africa. Its purpose was similar to the domestic Joint Terrorism Task Forces in the United States. The CJTF-HOA detects and disrupts terrorist activities before the terrorists can commit violence. Although the CJTF-HOA has been effective, terrorism in the Horn will remain a problem because of porous borders, lax security, and political stability.
June 12, 2010 8:45 AM
Henri Scarlett
P. 292
1) Why did fighting in Iraq shift from conventional to unconventional warfare?
In the beginning the U.S. entered Iraq to overthrow Saddam Hussein why?
Because it was believed that Saddam was passing W.M.D. (Weapons of Mass Destruction) to al Qaeda. Then the shift began, because different groups began fighting against American forces. The groups included the Baathists the group that was under Saddam Hussein. The next group was the Sunni Militants, who wanted the U.S. to leave Iraq, and some Iraqi criminals. The third group was jihadists comprised of guerrillas and al Qaeda style fighters. All of these groups brought with them guerrilla warfare an unconventional fighting style.
2) Compare fighting in Iraq to fighting in Afghanistan.
In Iraq and Afghanistan, both have unconventional terrorist style fighters. The US went Into Afghanistan post 9/11 because it was believed that Afghanistan was housing 9/11 terrorist and the country was housing them. In Afghanistan the al Qaeda led the fight against the US. In Iraq, you had more organized military.
3)Why would General David Petraeus argue that troops must relate to local civilians
When fighting an insurgency?
American military forces must have relations with foreign military forces because
military troops from various countries can enter hot zones where American troops
can not go. There must be unity in order for the US to have success.
Barry Seraphin
P. 299 (1-2)
1) What are major causes of terrorism in Asia?
Major causes surrounding terrorism in central Asia are the movements which gave rise after the 1991 breakup of the Soviet Union. The hizbul Tahrir (HT) a Palestinian organization moved to central Asia to preach conversation to Islam. The group saw this area as a fertile ground for Islamic movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), proposed a violent jihad against Islam karimov the dictator of Uzbekistan. Disillusioned HT followers gravitated toward the IMU, and the IMU gained strength in the Fergana valley a rich agricultural area shaded by Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan and that is important for any political group that wishes to have control. A third group jihadists appeared from western china’s ethnic Turkmen. The Uighars organized to revive an eighteenth century Islamic state in china’s Xinjiang province. Using Kyrgystan and Kazakhstan as a base, they operate in China.
2) What issues separate the Uighars from the Chinese?
The Uighars want independence from the Chinese because; they are inspired by the collapse of the Soviet Union, not osama bin laden. China fights for Xingjian because they have china’s largest oil and gas reserves, the growing Chinese economy needs its resources, but the uighars feel that it is their country thus far the fighting continues
June 12, 2010 8:47 AM
Tresa Smith P.299 (3) P. 309 (1)
3) How do the government and the rebels support forms of terrorism in Nepal?
Over the past ten years more than 12,000 people have died in a war between a Maoist revolutionary group and the Nepalese government. Both sides engage in horrid human abuses, the government, in the person of the authoritarian King Gyanendra, unleashed the military after taking the throne in 2001. It conducts summary executions, torture and abductions. The communist party of Nepal responds by conducting its own abductions and executions. The population is caught in the middle. If they side with the government, rebels label them as “class enemies” and they are liable to be murdered. However, if they were to give in to the rebel demands for food and shelter, government forces punish them. The Nepal government gave out the impression that its people were happy, spiritually enlightened citizens. But the reality was much different, and the small group of powerful elites ruled the country with the king. King Gyanendra, abandoning attempts to expand democratic government, took direct control of Nepal in February 2005, cutting Nepal off from the rest of the world. The result has been a bitter circle of revolution and repression. The government and the Maoists signed a peace agreement in late 2006, with both sides promising to agree to a power-sharing arrangement and to write a new constitution. Whereas the government has to conclude that it cannot continue the war, and the Maoists are divided. If all the parties agree to share power, the international Crisis Group believes, the militant factions of the Maoists will find it difficult to back away. If Maoist leaders cannot control their more radical members, however, then the violent cycle of terrorism and counterterrorism will continue.
1)How do problems with Jammu and Kashmir spill into Pakistan and Bangladesh?
Jammu and Kashmir a mountainous region in northern India claimed by India and Pakistan. There are also tension between Pakistan and India along their border, especially in the area of Jammu and Kashmir, where both countries claim sovereignty Kashmir is a flashpoint because Pakistan and Muslim residents want the area under Islamic control, whereas India sees Kashmir as part of a secular multiethnic state. The ISI has supported some of the Islamic groups operating in Kashmir, and Pakistan accuses India if attacks on Muslims. The council on Foreign Relations (2006) says that Kashmir has its own homegrown Muslim terrorists, and international Jihadists have also come to the area. The ports of Bangladesh have become centers for international crime, including drug trafficking and illegal weapons trade, and the country has a strong internal jihadist movement. That’s why Bangladesh is the ideal place for militant religion to emerge. There Radical religious parties have grown over the past decade, fueled by an increase in madrassas funded by Saudi Arabia and Gulf States. In addition to terrorist violence, these groups threaten to bring a large revolution to Bangladesh. If crime and corruption problems overwhelm Bangladesh’s weak government, the religious militants have their standard answer, it is the same answer the Taliban offered Afghanistan.
June 12, 2010 8:49 AM
Tamika Simmons
P. 309 (3-4)
2) How important are religious differences in Sri Lanka when compared to ethnic differences?
The religious differences, the Tamil minority in Sri Lanka were concerned about maintaining its ethnic identity among the Sinhalese majority. Tamils along the southeastern coast of India supported the Sri Lankan Tamils in this quest. The Tamil experience was similar to the situation in Ireland. Bouyed by religious differences and ethnic support, Tamil separatists could begin a guerrilla campaign by waging terrorist war.
3) What are the sources of terrorism in India?
Terrorist problems coming from political, religious, and ethnic strife. The Naxalite rebellion was short-lived after Indian security forces targeted the group. Politics and religion combine in Jammu and Kashmir, where three main groups and a host of smaller splinter organizations carry out a campaign of religious violence
Tahysha Tookes
P. 313 (1-4)
1) Is the rebellion in southern Thailand similar to Jihadist movements in other parts of the world? Why or Why not?
Yes, they are similar in taking territories to enhance there movements. Jidhadist has taken over some of Asia areas. The Barisan Revolusi Nasional, Coordinate (BRN-C), is the leading insurgency and carries a Jidhadist agenda. One of three BRN groups in the insurgency, BRN-C is active in southern Thailand’s mosques. Ian Storey (2007) notes that the southern insurgency is becoming an international affair. Militant groups in Malaysia have embraced the Muslim rebellion in Thailand, even though the Malaysian government does not. Radicals in the Philippines and Indonesia see the revolt as part of the international Jihad.
2) What are the sources of terrorism in Indonesia and how do they relate to terrorism in Southeast Asia?
The Jihadists groups began forming in Indonesia in the early 1990s. The political situation in Indonesia provided a climate for the growth of the Jihadist groups. Like Southeast Asia, Indonesia was placed under strict Islamic Law.
3) What are the differences among the groups fighting in the Moro area of the Philippines?
The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) is a combination of the old religious struggle. Having proposed negotiations with the Philippine government, the MNLF seeks an independent Islamic state. Breaking away from the MNLK is the more radical Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). It ties with the Jihadist movements and seeks to create an Islamic state under strict interpretation of Islamic law. A third group, Abu Sayyuf, claims to be part of the jihadist movement, but it is most closely associated with criminal activity and seems more interested in money than religion. Ideology is also active in the Philippines. The New Peoples Army (NPA) operates throughout the Philippines’. Originally established to fight both the government and its American allies, the NPA hopes to turn the Philippines’ into a communist state. The group has been responsible for several murders, including those of US military personnel.
4) Describe the unique nature of terrorism in Japan.
On March 20, 1995, Tokyo was subjected to a technological terrorist attack by a radical religious sect. Members of Aum Shinrikyo (Supreme Truth) released a poisonous gas into the crowded subway system. The terrorists were not individuals seeking social release or some vaguely defined political revenge; they were members of an organized religious group trying to destroy the Japanese government. The attack on the subway was the first large scale use of chemical agents by terrorist. Aum Shinrikyo terrorists struck five subway trains simultaneously, killing 12 and sending approximately 5,500 to the hospital for treatment. The gas was sarin, a deadly, odorless, colorless gas developed by Nazi researchers during World War II.
June 12, 2010 8:50 AM
Group 7, Chapter 12
Africa, Asia, and The Pacific Rim
Tahysha Tookes(Group Leader)
Mercedes Capote
Henri Scarlett
Barry Seraphin
Tresa Smith
Tamika Simmons
Attendance taken...Everyone present
Dr. Telesco our group was only required to do two questions, however Mercedes Capote, Henri Scarlett and myself did extra questions for extra credit.
June 12, 2010 8:35 AM
Helena Forbes
DSC4012
Professor Telesco
06/13/2010
Writing Assignment
Middle East – Chapter 9
1. Imagine that you are a talk show host on a listener call-in station. A person calls and says, “Islam is a religion full of suicide bombers and terrorists. It’s time to stop being politically correct and deal with these terrorists.” How would you respond?
You are absolutely correct. We need to stop being politically correct and deal with terrorists that drive cars and trucks filled with explosives aimed to kill hundreds of people; terrorists that carry explosives on their bodies turning themselves into guided human missiles. We know that suicide terror attacks are violent, politically motivated, with the intent to kill not only the terrorist but also destroy their chosen civilian or military targets. We also know that suicide bombers are inexpensive, do not need any technology, do not leave trace but cause serious anxiety and morale damages. What the terrorist organization wants to accomplish is to magnify their "power image". Hopefully, whenever we deal and take care of these terrorists, we will not read about people like Col. John McHugh, or Johnny Mac, the highest-ranking American soldier killed in Afghanistan to date, on May 18. His friends say that he was a phenomenal human being, a great friend, father, husband and grandfather. Johnny Mac and 17 others were killed by a suicide bomber while traveling in a convoy in Kabul. He was visiting Afghanistan for only two weeks as part of a NATO operation.
Re-posting #1 - Please disregard previous
Helena Forbes
DSC4012
Professor Telesco
06/13/2010
Writing Assignment
Middle East – Chapter 9
1. Imagine that you are a talk show host on a listener call-in station. A person calls and says, “Islam is a religion full of suicide bombers and terrorists. It’s time to stop being politically correct and deal with these terrorists.” How would you respond?
You are absolutely correct. We need to stop being politically correct and deal with terrorists that drive cars and trucks filled with explosives aimed to kill hundreds of people; terrorists that carry explosives on their bodies turning themselves into guided human missiles. We know that suicide terror attacks are violent, politically motivated, with the intent to kill not only the terrorist but also destroy their chosen civilian or military targets. We also know that suicide bombers are inexpensive, do not need any technology, do not leave trace but cause serious anxiety and morale damages. What the terrorist organization wants to accomplish is to magnify their "power image". Hopefully, whenever we deal and take care of these terrorists, we will not read about people like Col. John McHugh, or Johnny Mac, the highest-ranking American soldier killed in Afghanistan to date, on May 18. His friends say that he was a phenomenal human being, a great friend, father, husband and grandfather. Johnny Mac and 17 others were killed by a suicide bomber while traveling in a convoy in Kabul. He was visiting Afghanistan for only two weeks as part of a NATO operation.
Yes, it’s time to stop being politically correct and deal with these terrorists.
Helena Forbes
2. Iran has a strained relationship with the West, especially the United States. Explain how this relationship developed, focusing on the transformation from being close allies to becoming openly hostile. Given their history, how might Iran and the United States engage each other in a series of dialogues to end the hostile environment?
The United States and Iran were allies when late Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was in power. The Shah was anti-Communist, and the United States viewed his government as a protection against the expansion of Soviet influence in the Persian Gulf. As Ayatollah Rubollah Khomeini opposed the Shah, he was arrested and deported to Iraq in 1963 and three years later he flee to Paris. From both countries he encouraged and mentored the Islamic revolution. Demonstrations and guerrilla activity by pro-Khomeini’s allies, combined with anti-Shah demonstrations, caused the Shah’s government to collapse in 1979. Khomeini returned from France and started the Islamic Republic of Iran. As he was strongly anti-West and particularly anti-U.S. relations between the United States and the Islamic Republic turned hostile even before the November 4, 1979, attack to the U.S. embassy by pro-Khomeini radicals.
The United States considers Iran the world's leading country in sponsoring international terrorism. Even though the two nations worked together to defeat Al Qaeda and the Taliban after September 11th, by late 2001 the old mistrust recurred. In his January 29, 2002, State of the Union message, President George W. Bush, labeled Iran as part of an “axis of evil” along with Iraq and North Korea.
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, a controversial figure, is Iran’s actual president.
The Obama Administration still sees Iran as a “profound threat to U.S. national security interests,” mainly because of its nuclear program and military assistance to armed groups in Iraq, Afghanistan, the Palestinian group Hamas, and the Lebanese Hezbollah. Iran leaders affirm that the United States is holding Iranian assets, and this is an obstacle to improve their relations. The U.S. pressures Iran’s economy but also offers assistance in case they comply with the international demands to suspend their nuclear program.
Based on what I have been reading about Iran and the United States, I do not see a quick fix on their relations. The Obama Administration might try to initiate direct talks with Iran but will accept it? Many experts say that all factions in Iran are united on major national security issues and that U.S./Iran relations might not improve unless or until the Islamic regime is removed.
Helena Forbes
3. Explain the reforms of ibn Taymiyya, Abdul Wahhab, and Qutb within the context of Karen Armstrong’s view of agricultural empires and crisis.
Armstrong believes that in times of crisis, when agrarian empires fall, religious militants, reformers, fanatics, and extremists, arise with new religious interpretations, gathering the faithful around an ideal past, the moment they feel abandoned by God. Taymiyya, Wahhab, and Qutb also believed they needed to gather Islam’s faithful to recover prophet Mohammed’s teachings. Taymiyya’s believed that Islam had gone into crisis after Mohammed’s death and stressed the need to return to the prophet’s teachings and beliefs. Taymiyya believed that Muslims had fallen away from the truth and needed to internally purify themselves. He believed that a conviction going beyond Mohammed’s revelation was subjected to a purifying jihad. Abdul Wahhab was influenced by Taymiyya and started a purification movement of getting rid of religious practices added following Mohammed’s death. Qutb believed that pure Islam had been lost, but people like Taymiyya and Wahhab had kept the faith alive. He rejected the West and called on Muslims to put an end to their corrupt governments.
Helena Forbes
FBI Executive Summary – Terrorism web site
1. Review list of most wanted terrorists
• Mohammed Ali Hamadei
• Born in Lebanon in June 13, 1964
• Heigh 5’8” height, 150 pounds, black hair, dark brown eyes, has a mole on his right cheek below the eye
• Speaks Arabic and German and is a member of the terrorist organization Lebanese Hizzballah
• Accused of participating in the hijacking of a commercial airliner, placing explosives and destructive devices aboard the aircraft, assaulting various passengers and crewmembers, and murdering one United States citizen, on June 14, 1985
• A reward of up to $5 million is being offered for information leading directly to his apprehension or conviction
2. Review changes since 911
• Following the attacks of 9/11 FBI’s priority has been to protect the U.S. from terrorist attacks while ensuring privacy rights and civil liberties
• They went through one of the most extensive transformations in their history
• They have realigned their structure, created new capabilities, hired staff with different abilities, and moved more personnel into intelligence and terrorism operations
• Realigned Organizational Structure to create 5 Branches: National Security Branch; Criminal Investigations Branch; Human Resources Branch; Science and Technology Branch; and Office of the Chief Information Officer
• Cases are centrally managed
• National strategy focused on prevention of attacks
• All international CT investigations are intelligence investigations
• Established immediately after 9/11, the Internet tip line has received more than two million online tips from the public relating to terrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal matters
Helena Forbes
3. Review Terrorism Task Force
• The FBI’s Joint Terrorism Task Forces, or JTTFs, are the nation’s front line on terrorism
• They are small cells of highly trained, committed and knowledgeable investigators, analysts, linguists, SWAT experts, and other specialists from dozens of U.S. law enforcement and intelligence communities that respond together to emergency situations
• They consist of over 600 state and local agencies and 50 federal agencies like the Department of Homeland Security, the U.S. military, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and the Transportation Security Administration, among others
• They are based in 106 cities nationwide, including at least one in each of FBI’s 56 field offices
• The first JTTF was established in New York City in 1980 and 71 of these JTTFs have been created since 9/11
• Today, the JTTFs include more than 4,400 members nationwide, more than four times the pre-9/11 total
• Task forces chase down leads, gather evidence, make arrests, provide security for special events, conduct training, collect and share intelligence, and respond to threats and incidents at a moment's notice
• JTTFs work 24/7/365 to protect us and our communities from terrorist attacks
4. Review Cases & Programs
• Pan Am Flight 103 was the world’s most lethal act of air terrorism and the largest and most complex act of international terrorism ever investigated by the FBI until 9/11/01
• On December 21, 1988, Pan Am Flight 103 took off from London's Heathrow Airport bound for New York City with 259 people on board
• Less than 40 minutes into the flight, the plane exploded above Lockerbie, Scotland, killing everyone on board plus 11 Scots on the ground
• Solving the case required unprecedented cooperation of international police organizations from Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Great Britain, including Scotland
• Two small fragments found by forensic specialists from the FBI and the CIA led to the two Libyan intelligence operatives that had planted the bomb
• On January 31, 2001, after years of working to extradite the men and bring the case to trial, Abdel Basset Ali Al-Megrahi was found guilty of the crime
• The co-defendant was found not guilty and released
• Recently, the Libyan government formally accepted responsibility for the bombing and has agreed to pay nearly $3 billion to the victims' families
Helena Forbes
5. Review CT center
• The FBI's mission is to identify and disrupt potential terrorist plots by individuals or terror cells, freezing terrorist finances, sharing information with law enforcement and intelligence partners worldwide, and providing strategic and operational threat analysis to the wider intelligence community
• Over the past five years, the FBI have dramatically strengthened their ability to combat terrorism
• The National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) was established by Presidential Executive Order 13354 in August 2004
• Doubled the number of intelligence analysts and tripled the number of linguists
• Realigned resources, shifting agents from some criminal programs to counterterrorism
• Established 24/7 CT Watch
• Established Fly Teams to respond to terrorism incidents or threats around the world. Fly teams have assisted investigations in places like Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Pakistan, England, and Spain
Dear HELENA FORBES:
Congratulations! You have successfully passed the Independent Study Course
"IS-00005.A" entitled "An Introduction to Hazardous Materials ".
Certificate of Completion link:
http://emilms.fema.gov/ecert/cert.asp?id=176-bri%7D%17%17%1E%0Dl%09ta%01l%17%01%7E%02%7C%0B%1Ev%02%18%01%0Aq%0FV%16%1ES%263%5E%2F%5E%5COZS%25%089%3CseR%23WJ%28%40S%40o%1BD%2E%5EO%24BDD%07%01%1C%1F%05rq%1B%0Fr%1C%1B%17%1Dx
Dear HELENA FORBES:
Congratulations! You have successfully passed the Independent Study Course
"IS-00003" entitled "Radiological Emergency Management ".
Certificate of Completion link:
http://emilms.fema.gov/ecert/cert.asp?id=161-bri%7D%17%17%1E%0Dl%09ta%01l%17%01%7E%02%7C%0B%1Ev%02%1E%05%19%3A%2AQY%3BR5%28R%2AG%1F%7E%5EY9O%28%3D0T%13%14WV%2DHC%5E%2A8Qp%11%0Dx%0C%19%02%02%19%1C%1B%1Aiv%04
Dr. Telesco,
My posting for today, Sunday, June 13th is completed.
Thank you again and have a great Sunday.
Helena Forbes
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